Cybercriminals are increasingly infecting computers with malware that resides only in memory in order to make their attacks harder to detect.
Recent attacks launched with the Angler exploit kit—a Web-based attack tool—injected malicious code directly into other processes and did not create malicious files on affected computers, an independent malware researcher known online as Kafeine said Sunday in a blog post.
Fileless malware threats are not new, but their use is rare, especially in large scale attacks, because they don’t persist across system reboots when random access memory (RAM) is cleared.
In a typical drive-by download attack the victims visit a compromised website that redirects their browsers to an attack page—usually an exploit kit’s landing page. The exploit kit scans browsers for outdated versions of Flash Player, Adobe Reader, Java or Microsoft Silverlight and tries to exploit known vulnerabilities in those plug-ins to install malware.
The payload is usually a program called a dropper whose purpose is to download and install one or more malware programs.
The recent Angler exploits seen by Kafeine had a different final stage. Instead of installing a malware program on disk, they injected malicious code directly in the browser process, making it much harder for security software to detect the attack.
Kafeine said that his usual tools were not able to capture the payload and that it even bypassed a host-based intrusion prevention system (HIPS) he was using.
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The fileless infection technique opens a wide range of possibilities for attackers as it provides a powerful way to bypass antivirus detection, it’s ideal for running a one-time information stealing program and it allows them to gather information about a compromised computer before deploying a more persistent threat that defeats its defenses, he said.
“The introduction of memory-based malware is definitely a step up for cyber-criminals,” said Bogdan Botezatu, a senior e-threat analyst at Bitdefender, Tuesday via email. “I didn’t expect to see this technique included in a commercially-available exploit kit though, as money-driven cyber-criminals would rather trade stealth for persistence.”
Malware that resides only in memory is more typical of high-profile and state-sponsored attacks, because it allows attackers to infect the target, exfiltrate information and leave no trace on disk for forensic analysis, Botezatu said.
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Internet banking credentials are a high-value target for online criminals. Common attack forms that try to steal credentials or at least information are man-in-the-middle attacks and trojans that are have been designed specifically to capture credentials related to financial services and websites.
Microsoft released a warning back in February 2014 about malicious Proxy Auto-Config (PAC) redirects that can be used for that purpose as well.
A PAC file is used to select proxy servers or direct connections based on web addresses that you open in the web browser. These type of files are mostly used in corporate environments and here especially on mobile devices such as laptops.
PAC files are supported by all modern web browsers and can be loaded like other proxy servers in the network settings.
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Malicious PAC files are used to redirect Internet users when they try to open sites of interest. The browser is automatically rerouted to a fake website that looks like the original site. Any information or credentials the user enters on this site are stolen and may be used for malicious activities or to steal online accounts.
Users can be infected through various means, from drive-by attacks and malware to local attacks that plant the PAC file directly on the system.
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According to Microsoft's study, malicious PAC files are predominantly used in Brazil, Russia, the UK and Australia.
While many attacks target banking websites, Microsoft notes that other services are also targeted, including other payment providers, email providers, or social networking sites.
Find out if (malicious) PAC files are loaded on your system
Depending on which web browser you are using, you find the PAC files listed in a different location and menu.
Internet Explorer and browsers that use IE network settings (like Google Chrome)
Note: You can configure from within Chrome's settings, but you will be redirected to the Internet Options when you do.
- Open Internet Explorer on your computer.
- Tap on the Alt-key to bring up the menu bar if it is not displayed.
- Select Tools > Internet Options from the menu.
- Switch to the connections tab.
- Click on LAN settings.
- Check the 'Use automatic configuration script' option. If it is enabled and if a PAC file is listed here, it is being used.
- To remove it, simply uncheck the box or delete it there. Do this only if you are certain that it is malicious.
The Firefox web browser
- Open the Firefox web browser.
- Tap on the Alt-key to bring up the menu bar.
- Select Tools > Options > Advanced > Network.
- Click on the Settings button next to Connections.
- Verify that the 'automatic proxy configuration url' is not selected.
Malicious Attacks On Computers
Use a third party program
Phrozensoft has published the Auto Config Risk Protector application for Windows today which checks Internet Explorer's proxy settings for you to notify you when a PAC file is being used.
Simply run the program and click on the scan button afterwards. The application will either report that there is no PAC file in use, or that it has found one. If that is the case, the address of it is displayed to you with options to keep it or remove it instead.
